Las Fuerzas Especiales son una rama militar profesional encargada de ejecutar misiones militares especiales, originadas en Alemania durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial y normalmente dirigidas directamente por el mando militar supremo.
En sentido estricto, la aparición de las fuerzas especiales comenzó durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, pero en las guerras de la China antigua, ya existían "fuerzas especiales", como los Soldados de élite Águila de Hierro del período de los Reinos Combatientes, la Batallón de Asalto de la dinastía Han Oriental, las Ejército de la Prefectura Norte de la dinastía Dinastía Jin Oriental, los Dieciocho Jinetes de Yanyun de la dinastía Dinastía Sui, el Ejército de la Armadura Negra de la dinastía Tang, el Ejército Beiwei de la dinastía Southern Song, la Guardia Kheshig del período Yuan, así como el Guardias de armas de fuego, el azote de la caballería mongola de la dinastía Ming, y el Ejército de Qi Jiguang, que aterrorizó a los piratas japoneses.
Generalmente se considera que las Fuerzas Especiales se originaron por primera vez en Alemania.
Esta rama incluye subdivisiones como la Infantería de Marina y los Paracaidistas.
Sus miembros son seleccionados y entrenados rigurosamente, poseyendo la capacidad de llevar a cabo misiones de alto riesgo de manera independiente.
El equipamiento de las fuerzas especiales modernas incluye armas como la Ametralladora ligera M338, la Ametralladora ligera LLMG, el Fusil de francotirador neumático de medio alcance de 6,5 mm, el Fusil de francotirador MK22, así como visores de realidad aumentada, entre otros.1
En los años recientes, las Fuerzas Especiales de los Estados Unidos han estado equipadas con el vehículo de asalto ligero todoterreno "Alfa", que utiliza un chasis de orugas y una cabina cerrada, y puede ser transportado por el Helicóptero CH-47 o la Aeronave de rotor basculante MV-22.
El entrenamiento de combate de las fuerzas especiales incluye ejercicios como el lanzamiento en paracaídas "tras las líneas enemigas" en condiciones de oscuridad.1
| Unidad | Descripción |
|---|---|
| Soldados de élite Águila de Hierro | expertos en esgrima, combate a caballo, a pie y en formaciones. |
| Campamento de la Ruina | "Sus armadura y equipo eran todos exquisitos y entrenados" y cada lugar que atacaban, nada podía resistirse. |
| Tropas de la Prefectura Norte | Valientes y expertas en la guerra, asaltaban sin fallar y combatían sin conocer la derrota. |
| Los Dieciocho Jinetes de Yanyun | rápidos como el viento y feroces como el fuego, capaces de enfrentarse a cien enemigos cada uno. |
| Ejército de la Armadura Negra | Vestidos de negro y con armadura negra, avanzaban imparables como un cuchillo cortando a través del bambú, indestructibles. |
Los prototipos de las fuerzas especiales modernas pueden rastrearse hasta el Equipo de Pistolas del Ejército Rojo y los Equipos de Trabajo Armado detrás de las Líneas Enemigas durante la Guerra de Resistencia.
Las Fuerzas Especiales generalmente son dirigidas y comandadas directamente por el más alto órgano de mando militar, y en unos pocos países son dirigidas y comandadas directamente por el Ministerio de Defensa o por generales del ejército.
Las Fuerzas Especiales de los Estados Unidos han estado equipadas con el vehículo de asalto ligero todoterreno "Alfa", que utiliza un chasis de orugas y una cabina cerrada, y puede ser transportado por el Helicóptero CH-47 o la Aeronave de rotor basculante MV-22.
El entrenamiento de combate de las fuerzas especiales incluye ejercicios como el lanzamiento en paracaídas "tras las líneas enemigas" en condiciones de oscuridad.1
Special Activities Division y Special Activities Center
(SAD) is the Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA) covert paramilitary operations unit. They are one of America's most secretive and lowest profile special ops organizations.
The Special Activities Division, sometimes referred to as the 'Special Operations Group', is made up of Paramilitary Operations Officers.
CIA Paramilitaries are typically ex-military personnel and veterans of military special operations units such as the Green Berets or Marine Force Recon.
SAD also recruits from within the Agency.
Special Activities Division typically carry out deniable covert operations on foreign soil.
Part of the CIA's National Cladestine Service, the Special Activities Division is thought to include around 150 paramilitaries, pilots and other specialists.
When deployed to the field, they typically operate in 6 man or fewer teams, with many a mission carried out by a solo SAD operative.
SAD Ground Branch operatives are experts in field craft, surveillance, small arms, hostage rescue, CQB and advanced driving.
The Special Activities Center (SAC) is the center[a] of the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) responsible for covert operations.
SOG Paramilitary Operations Officers account for a majority of Distinguished Intelligence Cross and Intelligence Star recipients during conflicts or incidents that elicited CIA involvement.
These are the highest two awards for valor within the CIA in recognition of distinguished valor and excellence in the line of duty.
Tactical units within SAC can also carry out covert political action while deployed in hostile and austere environments.
Covert political and influence operations are used to support US foreign policy.
SAC provides the United States National Security Council with alternative options when overt military and/or diplomatic actions are not viable or politically feasible. special mission forces.
As the action arm of the CIA's Directorate of Operations, SAC/SOG conducts direct action missions such as raids, ambushes, sabotage, targeted killings[19][20][21] and unconventional warfare (e.g., training and leading guerrilla and military units of other countries in combat) as an irregular military force.
SAC/SOG also conducts special reconnaissance that can be either military or intelligence driven and is carried out by Paramilitary Officers (also called Paramilitary Operatives or Paramilitary Operations Officers) when in "non-permissive environments".
The political action group within SAC conducts the deniable psychological operations, also known as black propaganda, as well as "covert influence" to induce political change in other countries as part of United States foreign policy.[6]
Covert intervention in foreign elections is the most significant form of SAC's political action.
This involves financial support for favored candidates, media guidance, technical support for public relations, get-out-the-vote or political organizing efforts, legal expertise, advertising campaigns, assistance with poll-watching, and other means of direct action.
These techniques have expanded to cover the internet as well.
They may employ officers to work as journalists, recruit agents of influence, operate media platforms, plant certain stories or information in places it is hoped will come to public attention, or seek to deny and/or discredit information that is public knowledge.
SAC's existence became better known as a result of the "war on terror".
There remains some conflict between the CIA's Directorate of Operations and the more clandestine parts of the United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM),[40] such as the Joint Special Operations Command.
The CIA is authorized to collect intelligence, conduct counterintelligence, and conduct covert action by the National Security Act of 1947.[6]
President Ronald Reagan issued Executive Order 12333 titled "United States Intelligence Activities" in 1984.
government would deny, and granted the exclusive authority to conduct such operations to the CIA.
Department of Defense (DoD) should conduct covert action paramilitary operations.
national security objectives.
Special Operations Forces personnel.[46][47][48]
The CIA has also recruited individuals from within the agency.[49][50]
The CIA's formal designations for these individuals are paramilitary operations officers and specialized skills officers.
The primary strengths of SAC paramilitary officers are operational agility, adaptability, and deniability.
They often operate in small teams, typically made up of two to ten operatives (with some operations being carried out by a single officer), all usually with extensive military tactical experience and a set of specialized skills that does not exist in any other unit.[18]
As fully trained intelligence case officers, paramilitary operations officers possess all the clandestine skills to collect human intelligence - and most importantly - to recruit assets from among the indigenous troops receiving their training.
Together, the SAC/SOG comprises a complete combined arms covert paramilitary force.
Paramilitary operations officers are the core of each branch and routinely move between the branches to gain expertise in all aspects of SOG.[49]
As such, paramilitary operations officers are trained to operate in a multitude of environments.
Paramilitary operations officers require a bachelor's degree to be considered for employment.
Antecedentes históricos y operaciones
While the World War II Office of Strategic Services (OSS) was technically a military agency under the Joint Chiefs of Staff, in practice, it was fairly autonomous and enjoyed direct access to President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Major General William Joseph Donovan was the head of the OSS.
Donovan was a soldier and Medal of Honor recipient from World War I.
He was also a lawyer and former classmate of Roosevelt at Columbia Law School.[56]
Like its successor the CIA, the OSS included both human intelligence functions and special operations paramilitary functions.
Army Special Forces and the CIA. units that carried out direct action behind enemy lines.
Even during World War II, the idea of intelligence and special operations units not under strict military control was controversial.
From 1943 to 1945, the OSS played a major role in training Kuomintang troops in China and Burma, and recruited other indigenous irregular forces for sabotage as well as guides for Allied forces in Burma fighting the Japanese army.
OSS also helped arm, train and supply resistance movements, including Mao Zedong's People's Liberation Army in China and the Viet Minh in French Indochina, in areas occupied by the Axis powers.
One of the OSS's greatest accomplishments during World War II was its penetration of Nazi Germany by OSS operatives.
The OSS was responsible for training German and Austrian commandos for missions inside Nazi Germany.
Some of these agents included exiled communists, socialist party members, labor activists, anti-Nazi POWs, and German and Jewish refugees.
OSS Paramilitary Officers parachuted into many countries that were behind enemy lines, including France, Norway, Greece, and the Netherlands.
The OSS was disbanded shortly after World War II, with its intelligence analysis functions moving temporarily into the United States Department of State.
Espionage and counterintelligence went into military units, while paramilitary and other covert action functions went into the Office of Policy Coordination set up in 1948.
Between the CIA's original creation by the National Security Act of 1947 and various mergers and reorganizations through 1952, the wartime OSS functions generally ended up in the CIA.
The mission of training and leading guerrillas in due course went to the United States Army Special Forces, but those missions required to remain covert were performed by the (Deputy) Directorate of Plans and its successor the Directorate of Operations of the CIA.
In 1962, the CIA's paramilitary operations centralized in the Special Operations Division (SOD), the predecessor of the SAC.
After the Chinese invasion of Tibet in October 1950, the CIA inserted paramilitary (PM) teams into Tibet to train and lead Tibetan resistance fighters against the People's Liberation Army of China.
These teams selected and then trained Tibetan soldiers in the Rocky Mountains of the United States;[58] training occurred at Camp Hale.[59][60]
The PM teams then advised and led these commandos against the Chinese, both from Nepal and India and in some cases worked with Research and Analysis Wing.
According to a book by retired CIA officer John Kenneth Knaus, entitled Orphans Of The Cold War: America And The Tibetan Struggle For Survival, Gyalo Thondup, the older brother of the 14th Dalai Lama, sent the CIA five Tibetan recruits.
These recruits were trained in paramilitary tactics on the island of Saipan in the Northern Marianas.[61]
Shortly thereafter, the five men were covertly returned to Tibet "to assess and organize the resistance" and selected another 300 Tibetans for training.
The CIA sponsored a variety of activities during the Korean War.
These activities included maritime operations behind North Korean lines.
Yong Do Island, connected by a rugged isthmus to Pusan, served as the base for those operations.
Well-trained Korean guerrillas carried out these operations.
advisers responsible for the training and operational planning of those special missions were Dutch Kramer, Tom Curtis, George Atcheson, and Joe Pagnella.
These were the first maritime unconventional warfare units that trained indigenous forces as proxies.
military commanders, specifically with the 8th Army, on the "White Tiger" initiative.
The plan was launched in April 1961, less than three months after John F. Kennedy assumed the presidency of the United States.
The sea-borne invasion force landed on April 17, and fighting lasted until April 19, 1961.
Bolivian government.
The original OSS mission in Vietnam under Major Archimedes Patti was to work with Ho Chi Minh in order to prepare his forces to assist the United States and their Allies in fighting the Japanese.
CIA Paramilitary Operations Officers trained and led Hmong tribesmen in Laos and Vietnam, and the actions of these officers were not known for several years.
Air America was the air component of the CIA's paramilitary mission in Southeast Asia and was responsible for all combat, logistics and search and rescue operations in Laos and certain sections of Vietnam.[74]
The ethnic minority forces numbered in the tens of thousands.
Elements of the Special Activities Division were seen in the CIA's Phoenix Program.
One component of the Phoenix Program was involved in the capture and killing of suspected Viet Cong (VC) members.[75]
Between 1968 and 1972, the Phoenix Program captured 81,740 VC members, of whom 26,369 were killed.
The program was also successful in destroying their infrastructure.
By 1970, communist plans repeatedly emphasized attacking the government's "pacification" program and specifically targeted Phoenix agents.
The VC also imposed quotas.
In 1970, for example, communist officials near Da Nang in northern South Vietnam instructed their agents to "kill 400 persons" deemed to be government "tyrant[s]" and to "annihilate" anyone involved with the "pacification" program.
MAC-V SOG (Studies and Observations Group, which was originally named the Special Operations Group, but was changed for cover purposes) was created and active during the Vietnam War.
While the CIA was just one part of MAC-V SOG, it did have operational control of some of the programs.
Many of the military members of MAC-V SOG joined the CIA after their military service.
On May 22, 2016, the CIA honored three paramilitary officers with stars on the memorial wall 56 years after their deaths.
They were David W. Bevan, Darrell A. Eubanks, and John S. Lewis, all young men, killed on a mission to resupply anti-Communist forces in Laos.
They were all recruited from the famous smokejumpers from Montana.[79]
One former smokejumper and paramilitary officer, Mike Oehlerich, believed he should have been on that flight, but they accidentally missed their pickup to the airport.
They got stuck in Bangkok and so another crew - Bevan, Eubanks, and Lewis - flew that mission on August 13, 1961.
"We had no idea anything happened until we got back the next day, and that's when they told us that they went into a canyon and tried to turn around and got into bad air," he said.
CIA officials told him days after the crash that Lewis had jumped out of the plane, rather than remain inside.
"When they told me that, I teared up," Oehlerich recalled.
In 1973, SAD and the CIA's Directorate of Science and Technology built and deployed the USNS Glomar Explorer (T-AG-193), a large deep-sea salvage ship, on a secret operation.
Navy, the National Security Agency (NSA) and SAD[86] conducted Operation Ivy Bells and a series of other missions to place wiretaps on Soviet underwater communications cables.
Once in power, the Sandinistas disbanded the Nicaraguan National Guard, who had committed many human rights abuses, and arrested and executed some of its members.
Other former National Guard members helped to form the backbone of the Nicaraguan Counterrevolution or Contra.
CIA paramilitary teams from Special Activities Division were deployed to train and lead these rebel forces against the Sandinista government.
These paramilitary activities were based in Honduras and Costa Rica.
Direct military aid by the United States was eventually forbidden by the Boland Amendment of the Defense Appropriations Act of 1983.
Democratic Party did not have enough votes for a comprehensive ban on military aid.
It covered only appropriated funds spent by intelligence agencies.
Some of Reagan's national security officials used non-appropriated money of the National Security Council (NSC) to circumvent the Amendment.
NSC officials sought to arrange funding by third parties.
These efforts resulted in the Iran-Contra Affair of 1987, which concerned Contra funding through the proceeds of arms sales to the Islamic Republic of Iran.
No court ever made a determination whether Boland covered the NSC, and on the grounds that it was a prohibition rather than a criminal statute, no one was indicted for violating it.
Congress later resumed aid to the Contras, totaling over $300 million.
CIA personnel were also involved in the Salvadoran civil war.[92]
Some allege that the techniques used to interrogate prisoners in El Salvador foreshadowed those later used in Iraq and Afghanistan.[93]
In fact, when a similar counter-insurgency program was proposed in Iraq, it was referred to as "the Salvador Option". intervention in 1992.
On December 23, 1992, Paramilitary Operations Officer Larry Freedman became the first casualty of the conflict in Somalia.
was involved in, both officially and unofficially, since Vietnam.
military forces.
His mission was completely voluntary, but it required entry into a very hostile area without any support.
SAD/SOG teams were key in working with JSOC and tracking high-value targets (HVT), known as "Tier One Personalities".
a Little Bird helicopter dropped out of the sky, and a sniper leaned out and fired three shots into the car's engine block.
The car ground to a halt as commandos roped down from hovering Blackhawks [sic], surrounded the car, and handcuffed Ato.
It was the first known helicopter takedown of suspects in a moving car.
The next time Jones saw the magic cane, an hour later, Garrison had it in his hand.
"I like this cane," Jones remembers the general exclaiming, a big grin on his face.
In June 2006, the Islamic Courts Union seized control of southern Somalia, including the country's capital Mogadishu, prompting th...
tags: #division #de #actividades #especiales